(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 13 / 85 pages total, pdf
Great Depression.’ ‘It was successful in getting refugees back home, improving working conditions and health.’ Level 3 Explains failure OR success 3-6 Level 4 Explains failure AND success 5-7 Candidates may well use specific incidents to explain failure (or success). These should be credited. e.g. ‘The League was a failure over Abyssinia as it failed to imposed appropriate meaningful sanctions, such as oil, and thus
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 2 / 12 pages total, pdf
great depression which swept across the continent. Harvests failed. Entire populations starved. Food prices rose. Industrial depression increased unemployment. This disaster coincided with the crumbling of the old regimes. A peasant rising in Galicia in 1846; the election of a ‘liberal’ Pope in the same year. These were the first signs of the storm. Everyone knew it. Rarely has revolution been more universally predicted. All the revolutions
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 30 / 85 pages total, pdf
great victory in the election of 1936? Level 1 General answer 1 e.g. ‘He was popular with the voters.’ Level 2 Identifies why 2-4 e.g. ‘Because of his New Deal.’ ‘He kept the people informed.’ ‘He put over his personality.’ ‘He sold his policies.’ ‘He brought hope.’ ‘He got people into work.’ Level 3 Explains why 4-7 e
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 15 / 85 pages total, pdf
Czechoslovakia.’ Failure of Appeasement ‘Britain and France responded to Hitler’s threats with appeasement – trying to satisfy German demands to preserve peace but this failed.’ Extremists ‘The impact of the Great Depression brought extremists to power in many countries.’ Failure of the League of Nations ‘The League became powerless after failing to deal with events in Manchuria and Abyssinia.’ Level 5 Explains and evaluates ‘how far’ 8
(IGCSE) History May/June 2004 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 22 / 73 pages total, pdf
following the Great Depression and other problems.’ ‘Large numbers of Germans were attracted by promises of revenge for the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘With re-armament and other works unemployment was reduced.’ ‘Workers and their families benefited through the “Strength Through Joy” movement .’ ‘The Hitler Youth gave adventure and challenge to many young boys.’ ‘The standard of living was not high but was beginning to rise.’
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 27 / 85 pages total, pdf
Great Depression, although oil was the only one to reach the target. Even the least successful had grown by nearly 50%.’ ‘The success of the First Plan brought problems as transport could not cope and towns and cities had to expand rapidly. The system was close to collapse.’ ‘Increase in production brought a decline in living standards with rationing being introduced.’ ‘An endless barrage of propaganda urged the
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 6 / 12 pages total, pdf
depression and Manchuria seemed to promise a source of food and raw materials, and land for the surplus Japanese population. In September 1931, following an incident along the railway line, Japan invaded a small part of Manchuria. China appealed to the League of Nations but it was slow to act and by March 1932 Japan had taken over the whole of Manchuria and named it Manchukuo. The League’s
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 2 / 12 pages total, pdf
depression served to stimulate the growing appetite for liberalism among the middle class, especially among the lower middle class. The great power of the working class, more apparent than real, as time proved, persuaded the established ruling classes to surrender power with little fight in the early months of 1848. The following months showed these two politically and socially underprivileged classes – the workers and the lower middle class – competing
(IGCSE) History May/June 2004 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 28 / 73 pages total, pdf
Great Plains there was depression as there was less demand for agricultural produce from these areas.’ ‘Racial minorities were discriminated against. Many blacks were looking for work in the industrial north but there was competition for jobs. This led to tension and race riots.’ ‘Many black agricultural workers did not receive a wage but received a proportion of the crop.’ ‘Native Americans were confined to reservations where the land was
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 31 / 85 pages total, pdf
Depression.’ ‘He was able to give a sense that the whole nation was united in facing its problems together.’ ‘It was totally successful as America was put back to work, industry was moving again and the country was dragged out of depression.’ ‘The lives of American farmers improved and incomes rose.’ ‘Many argued that it was the rearmament programme and American entry into the Second World War that revived
(IGCSE) History May/June 2011 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 2 / 12 pages total, pdf
depression which was caused by food shortages and a financial crisis which led to working-class unemployment and middle-class bankruptcies. The government was blamed for doing nothing. Secondly, two scandals involving former government ministers symbolised for many the corruption at the heart of the government. Dissatisfaction with the government began to grow. In order to escape the government’s ban on political meetings, in 1847 some middle-class reformers held
(IGCSE) History May/June 2004 paper 2
Question paper found on page 7 / 12 pages total, pdf
depression by increasing the export of their goods to Europe. It is becoming more and more clear to everyone that the Marshall Plan will place European countries under the economic and political control of the USA. From a speech by Andrei Vyshinsky, the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister, to the United Nations in September 1947. SOURCE D A British cartoon, June 1947. Marshall, on the left, is saying to
(IGCSE) History May/June 2012 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 4 / 12 pages total, pdf
great applause. SOURCE E Great Britain as a world power stands and falls with her strength at sea. If we ourselves were responsible for the safeguarding of an empire like that of Great Britain, we should strive to maintain our sea-power in the same way. I am of the opinion that the solidarity of the Entente policy varies depending on England’s relations with Germany. To guard her security and influence in
(IGCSE) History May/June 2004 paper 2
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depression it was felt that there was little point in spending money on enforcing something they could not enforce.’ ‘It was better to make alcohol legal and create jobs for the unemployed.’ (c) How far did the role of women change during the 1920s? Explain your answer. Level 1 Unsupported assertion 1 e.g. ‘They were different and called flappers.’ Level 2 Identifies changes 2-3 e
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 10 / 12 pages total, pdf
great betrayal. In Paris it started the talk of universal peace and a League of Nations. Now it is the only great nation which has not joined the League. Lloyd George: The League of Nations is, I regret to say, deceptive and dangerous. They cannot even protect a little nation like Armenia. They do nothing but pass useless resolutions. A conversation between Lord Riddell, a newspaper owner, and British Prime
(IGCSE) History May/June 2014 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 6 / 16 pages total, pdf
great crime. It would also be a great mistake, the bitter fruit of which would poison the life blood of unborn generations. It is the critical moment for us. I urge all men, and especially the Government, to the abolition of slavery. Not a slave should be left a slave in the returning footprints of the American army sent to put down this slaveholding rebellion. From a speech by Frederick Douglass
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
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give up all their wealth they had acquired for an equal share in the profits of a collective farm.’ ‘It was made compulsory and so many destroyed their farms and animals.’ ‘The changes did not necessarily improve the situation with agriculture remaining in depression.’ ‘It was an attempt to stir up hatred between different classes of peasant.’ ‘Because of the brutal way in which the kulaks were destroyed.’
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2006 paper 2
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
great navies will be listened to with respect when the future of the Pacific comes to be solved; and if for that reason only, Germany must have a powerful fleet. It may even be that England herself will be glad that Germany has a fleet when they speak together on the same side in the great debates of the future. Kaiser Wilhelm II being interviewed by a British newspaper in 1908.
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2002 paper 2
Question paper found on page 2 / 16 pages total, pdf
great hour, to this great Assembly, such as has never been seen in our history. The best of our old political life is revealed in the basic principles of this Assembly, which has been greeted with joy and confidence by the entire German people. It is a great new achievement – the German parliament. The German governments and the Bund are united with the German people in their similar love for our
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
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League welcomed the imposition of order.’ ‘It instigated an investigation (Lytton) which took over a year to complete by which time the invasion was complete.’ ‘Japan refused to hand back Manchuria and left the League.’ ‘Members were unwilling to impose economic sanctions as the Depression was already damaging world trade.’ ‘The Powers were unwilling to impose military action for fear of Japanese attacks on Far East colonies.’
(IGCSE) History May/June 2012 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 5 / 12 pages total, pdf
great European war under modern conditions would be a catastrophe. It seemed obvious to me that once it became clear we were on the edge, all the Great Powers would call a halt. 2. That Germany was so immensely strong and Austria so dependent upon German strength. It was therefore to Germany that we must address ourselves. 3. A clear view that no promise must be given, no hope even held
(IGCSE) History May/June 2012 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 2 / 12 pages total, pdf
intended. It is difficult to find in the ceaseless outpouring of propaganda any sensible justification of the great building programme. Its supporters such as Tirpitz fell back on the argument that a great navy was an essential possession of a Great Power. German ‘world policy’ was a pretence. Germany had no vital interest in China. Her vital interest was security in Europe. From a history book published in 1945.
(IGCSE) History May/June 2012 paper 2 variant 3
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great influences that brought that result about is withheld. Every great fighting nation in the world is on the list of those who are to constitute the League of Nations. I say every great nation, because America is going to be included among them, and the only choice, my fellow citizens, is whether we will go in now or come in later with Germany; whether we will go in as founders of
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 14 / 14 pages total, pdf
Great Powers (other than Japan) were mainly responsible for the failure of the League over Manchuria? Use the sources to explain your answer. Level 3 Uses sources to support and reject the statement Award up to 2 bonus marks for evaluation of sources (no more than 1 per source). 12 7–10 Source use must be reference to a source by letter, by provenance or by direct quote. There must
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2017 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 13 / 16 pages total, pdf
great number, and perhaps a majority, were communists and young people. This was enough to blow up the powder keg. Conflicts took place. Gerő called in the Soviet army. It was a fatal mistake to call Soviet troops at the time when demonstrations were still going on. To call upon troops of another country to give lessons to the people of one’s own country is a great mistake. This made
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2006 paper 2
Question paper found on page 5 / 12 pages total, pdf
Great Powers. SOURCE H Building a battle-fleet was necessary if we wanted to become a sea-power. Sea power was needed to protect trade, as other states had realised long before we did. Our surrounded and threatened position convinced me that no time was to be lost in turning ourselves into a sea-power. It would be a mistake, however, to think that the English would have treated us any better
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 9 / 16 pages total, pdf
great enthusiasm among the smaller nations and Britain for economic sanctions, the great powers did not dare apply oil sanctions which alone would have stopped Italy. The United States’ limitation of oil exports was a sham because it hit Abyssinia more than Italy. The policies of the great powers revealed a futile escape from world responsibilities. The leaders of the great powers were afraid of taking risks. On 10 June 193
(IGCSE) History May/June 2008 paper 2
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great position Britain has won by centuries of heroism and achievement, by allowing herself to be treated, where her interests were vitally affected, as if she were of no importance, then I say strongly that peace at that price would be a humiliation intolerable for a great country like ours to endure. Lloyd George, a member of the British Government, making a public speech in reaction to Germany sending the 'Panther'
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2013 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 4 / 12 pages total, pdf
Great Powers. Her powerful influence has many a time been invaluable in the cause of human liberty. I would make great sacrifices to preserve peace. But if a situation were forced upon us, in which peace could only be preserved by allowing Britain to be treated as if she did not matter, then I say that peace at that price would be an intolerable humiliation for a great country like ours to endure
(IGCSE) History May/June 2012 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
great tasks to accomplish outside the narrow boundaries of old Europe.’ What these ‘great tasks’ were is not very obvious. As Germany’s army commander remarked around this time: ‘We are supposed to pursue Weltpolitik. If only we knew what it was supposed to mean.’ Behind the pursuit of Weltpolitik there lay a vague longing to be a World Power. By the end of 1904, few of the
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2012 paper 2 variant 1
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great expedition of 1860 carried on the main work of Italian unity, at a time when no other method could have succeeded. The people in Sicily and Naples had proved incapable of bringing about a revolution in the face of an army of 90 000 men, without external help. Cavour was unable, owing to the attitude of France and Austria, to give that help. Nothing, therefore, could have
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
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depression that brought unemployment. Secondly many thought the government corrupt. (Financial and sexual scandal.)’ ‘Some people wanted the republic they had failed to get in 1830.’ ‘The overthrowing of the old order brought excitement and enthusiasm.’ ‘Taxpayers were unhappy at having to pay increased taxes for the National Workshops.’ ‘The revolutionary government established by the people had used violence against the people in June.’ ‘
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2002 paper 2
Question paper found on page 4 / 16 pages total, pdf
great decisions of the time will be made not by means of speeches and majority verdicts – that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by iron and blood. Bismarck speaking to the Prussian Landtag in September 1862. SOURCE G When the army has been brought to such a state as to command respect, then I shall take the first opportunity to declare war with Austria,
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2013 paper 2 variant 3
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great powers either failed or served to provoke a war. Allies failed to restrain each other as they had in previous crises. Military pressure played a role late in the day. Mobilisation of mass armies was no longer a deterrent. Instead, it put pressure on the decision-making process. None of the great powers wanted a general war in 1914, but they were all willing to risk it. This was
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
great nations. People forget that this nation has not yet sunk so low that it is incapable of a sudden resurgence. Italy may have declined but she also possesses great strength to rise again. Never was the feeling of the striving for national unity stronger and more universal than it is today. No statesman, no politician, can predict when and how the crisis which we face today will end. A letter from
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 7 / 12 pages total, pdf
great-power politics, as he had intended, but rather just additional to it. It always operated within prescribed limits and its success depended on the willingness of the powerful states to use it. The League moved quickly after it was established. The first dispute successfully resolved was between Finland and Sweden. It also speedily resolved the conflict between Bulgaria and Greece. If most of the League’s successes involved small states,
(IGCSE) History May/June 2012 paper 2 variant 1
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great defeat. The failure of the League to act in either the economic or military sphere was worrying. The Covenant powers, especially Great Britain and France, proved weak and hesitant when put to the test. The consequences to the League were lost commitment and confidence even before it had to face the greater challenges that would soon be provided by Germany and Italy. From a history book published in 1996.
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 4 / 12 pages total, pdf
great sums of money, while at the same time the identity and suitable self-administration of the different states remains in existence. From the Declaration of Heidelberg, 5 March 1848. This was produced by representatives of six German states who met at Heidelberg soon after the arrival of news of the revolution in Paris. SOURCE G To my dear Berliners It rests with you now, my citizens of my beloved capital
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2018 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 4 / 16 pages total, pdf
great nations of Europe put their fleets together, came over here and took possession of our great city ports, drove our people into the hinterland, built great warehouses and factories, brought in a body of corrupt agents, and calmly notified our people that they would manage the commerce of the country. Would we not have a Boxer movement to drive those foreign European Christian devils out of our country? The cases are
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2002 paper 2
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great contempt of public opinion and of German liberalism. I think that nothing would persuade him against the aim of an expansion of Prussian territory, which is the object of his life. A representative of the British government in Prussia writing to the British Foreign Secretary, May 1862. SOURCE E A British cartoon published in 1867. France is saying to Prussia: ‘Now you are big enough. You must
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 2 variant 2
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great influences that brought that result about is withheld. Every great fighting nation in the world is on the list of those who are to constitute the League of Nations. I say every great nation, because America is going to be included among them, and the only choice, my fellow citizens, is whether we will go in now or come in later with Germany; whether we will go in as founders of
(IGCSE) History May/June 2009 paper 2
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
great progress. This leap forward is the result of coming into contact with Europe and America, and may well be regarded as an advantage of foreign contact. Yet we remain today politically unaltered under our Imperial House and Emperor that have descended in an unbroken line over a great length of time. This is proof that the Japanese are not a race of people who are given to loving all that is new
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2018 paper 2 variant 2
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great power, an aim which all countries have. Hitler’s speech in August 1939 tells us the importance of the Pact with the Soviet Union, ‘Now the probability is great that the West will not intervene.’ His promise to Britain in August that Germany’s frontier in the West was final and that he would not threaten the British Empire, shows he had no ambitions directed against Britain and France.
(IGCSE) History May/June 2004 paper 2
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depression and did not want to spend large sums on arms.’ ‘It was thought that by giving concessions to Hitler he could be trusted and it would reduce the chances of war.’ ‘The appeasers misjudged Hitler treating him as a rational person. In fact it encouraged Hitler to demand more. The mind of a dictator was misunderstood.’ ‘It gave Hitler an advantage. He grew stronger and stronger before war
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2013 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 2 / 12 pages total, pdf
great events. But perhaps the war which broke out in 1914 had no deep causes. International diplomacy, the balance of power, the alliances and the accumulation of armed might had produced peace. Suddenly the situation was turned round, and the very forces which had produced the long peace now produced a great war. In July 1914 things went wrong. It has been suggested that the balance of power
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 8 / 12 pages total, pdf
great settlement. At the front of this great treaty is the League of Nations. Its membership is going to include all the great fighting nations of the world, as well as the weak ones. And what do they unite for? They enter into a solemn promise that they will never use their power against one another for aggression. My friends, I went to a cemetery for the burial of the American dead
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2010 paper 2 variant 3
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great ‘Fascist Powers’ is an immense encouragement. But it is also more than an encouragement because of the many weapons now in their hands. Germany has a great interest in the victory of the Nationalists. Apparently it hopes to secure concessions in the Balearic Islands from them when they are in power. These islands play an important part in German plans for the future development of sea-power in the Mediterranean. The
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 2 variant 1
Mark scheme found on page 5 / 8 pages total, pdf
great powers to blame [7] Level 4 Agreement and disagreement of detail or sub-messages [5–6] Level 3 Agreement or disagreement of detail or sub-messages [3–4] Agreements: idea of occupying Abyssinia was popular in Italy; the incident at Wal Wal sparked off the crisis; Hoare-Laval is seen as being favourable to Italy; both criticise Britain; both say sanctions were lifted; both say the League suffered
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2005 paper 2
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
laws. There is more reason why black voters should be given the vote in rebel States than in the Territories. In the States they form the great mass of the loyal men. The white Union men are in a great minority in each of those States. With them the blacks would act in a body. Thaddeus Stevens, a Radical, speaking in Congress in January 1867. © UCLES 2005
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 2 variant 3
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great power. The League was much less effective where any of these criteria did not apply. It was in Abyssinia in 1935 that the demands of the old and new diplomacies came into sharpest conflict. The circumstances meant that the credibility of the League and the ‘new’ diplomacy became linked with the response to this problem. The lessons were painful. The League had ended in failure. It had been based
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 10 / 12 pages total, pdf
great advance was made in the international organisation of peace. For the first time an organisation was constructed to abolish war. An Assembly representing some fifty peace-loving nations. For ten years the League advanced. Our balance-sheet is not altogether unfavourable. In the essential task of maintaining peace it succeeded during a number of years. It succeeded as long as the governments of the Great Powers supported it and as long
(IGCSE) History May/June 2004 paper 2
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great leader. (1) Level 2 Explanation in support of Trotsky OR in support of other factors. Single factor given e.g. Yes, leadership/organisational skills, inspirational oratory, harsh discipline, Brest-Litovsk etc OR No, other Bolsheviks’ contributions, Cheka, incompetence and different goals of Whites etc. (2) Level 3 Explanation of support of Trotsky OR in support of other factors, multiple factors given. Allow single factors with
(IGCSE) History May/June 2004 paper 2
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great civilisations with customs, languages, Christian religion, medicine and a sophisticated way of life.’ ‘They had built for them roads, dams, schools and clinics. These replaced mud huts and primitive shelters.’ ‘Europeans opened mines and started plantations to produce cocoa, groundnuts, palm oil, rubber and other valuable cash crops.’ ‘Many traditions already existed before the Europeans including languages and religions. It was wrong for Europeans to
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2015 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 6 / 16 pages total, pdf
great. He is well aware that such a loss, unless repaired, may become dangerous to his position as Emperor. He will, therefore, as soon as he thinks his army is in good fighting condition again, make an effort to recover that prestige by using some pretext for picking a quarrel with us. An American politician’s recollection of what Bismarck said to him in 1868. This conversation was recounted
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2019 paper 2 variant 3
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great design which Piedmont places above all other considerations is her own territorial expansion and the creation of a strong monarchy in the north of Italy. To this everything is made subservient. In pursuit of this favourite scheme Cavour has damaged his prestige among thinking people in England and elsewhere. He has declined in the estimation of the French public to the character of a vulgar aggressor. Only in the French army is
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2010 paper 2 variant 3
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Depression of the 1870s, the stagnation of world demand for cotton – severely limited the prospects for far-reaching economic change. The early rejection of federally sponsored land reform left in place a planter class still able to bring its prestige to bear against Reconstruction. The failure of the Republicans to develop an effective long-term appeal to white voters made it increasingly difficult for the Republicans to combat the racial politics
(IGCSE) History May/June 2014 paper 2 variant 3
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great and unjust advantages, they have sought to throw the burden of their business as much as possible upon the public. The manufacturing interest entered into the same struggle early, and has demanded from Government special favours. This interest was confined mainly to the Eastern and Middle non-slave- holding states. It held great power and influence, and its demands were in full proportion to its power. A declaration by the
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 2 variant 3
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whole nation was carrying out a great practical joke. A letter to a British newspaper from a businessman who had just returned from Germany, April 1922. SOURCE G A British cartoon published in 1923. Bonar Law was the British Prime Minister and Poincaré was the French Prime Minister. Moratorium means a period of delay or suspension. © UCLES 2017 0470/23/M/J/17
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 2
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Great Powers being criticised in E. Allow similar claims such as they are being blamed. © UCLES 2018 May/June 2018 8 8 Level 4 Compares valid sub-messages Award 5 marks for Japan is aggressive in both 6 marks for all other valid comparisons e.g., They both say the League was at fault. 7 marks for any two valid comparisons 5–7 Level 3 Interprets big message of
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 2
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Great Powers while in the B it was the League itself to blame Level 4 Agreement and disagreement of detail or sub-messages Level 3 Agreement or disagreement of detail or sub-messages 6 3–5 Level 2 Identifies information that is in one source but not in the other or states that the sources are about the same subject 2 OR Level 2 Compares the provenance of the sources e.g. They will agree
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2017 paper 2 variant 2
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Great powers do not usually mobilise armies of millions to protect the territorial integrity of minor client states. An extensive survey of Russia’s diplomatic correspondence in the months before the Sarajevo incident does not reveal undue concern with any sort of Serbian problem, nor indeed is concern voiced in the months after July. What it does reveal is a widespread obsession, bordering on panic, with the Straits question. It was universally
(IGCSE) History May/June 2012 paper 2 variant 3
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great and small nations alike’. In 1920 the League of Nations was established. Its members agreed to protect all members against aggression and to try and resolve disputes peacefully through the League. During the 1920s, the League had to deal with several disputes, including ones over the Aaland Islands and Bulgaria. However, there were other disputes such as the crisis in 1923 over Corfu where the
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 1
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great deal of disagreement among Americans about the nature of a league, especially over the degree to which a league should have judicial, as opposed to economic or military, means to prevent war. Nor was popular support for a league found only in the United States. In Great Britain there had been a pro-league movement for some time and when Wilson made his Fourteen Points speech in January 1918 it
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 2 variant 2
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of peace to the depths of my soul; armed conflict between nations is a nightmare to me. War is a fearful thing, and we must be very clear before we embark on it, that it is really the great issues that are at stake. From a radio broadcast by Chamberlain to the British people on 27 September 1938. © UCLES 2014 0470/22/O/N/14
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 3
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great web. How precisely he knew how to use his king, Napoleon, his army, the government, Austria and its forces. I leave it to my stubborn colleagues from Swabia and Bavaria to abuse him. For years they have yelled for German unity, and when someone achieves the impossible by transferring German unity from a book of student songs into reality, they shout ‘crucify him’. A letter by a German
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 3
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will readily believe that I have no wish to wage yet another great war and that I have not brought about this serious development. If, however, war is forced upon me, I shall wage it with firm confidence in my distinguished army. William I in conversation with a diplomat at the Prussian embassy in Paris, 8 July 1870. © UCLES 2018 0470/23/M/J/18
(IGCSE) History May/June 2010 paper 2 variant 1
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great administrator or politician and could not get the Southern states to pull together in a common war effort. Southerners were, after all, fighting against just that kind of centralised control. From a book about American history published in 2009. SOURCE B The Confederacy was confronted with a hard problem. Its war aim was simple: to win from the North an acknowledgement of its independence. It had neither the power
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2015 paper 2 variant 3
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and gone many times. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions – that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by blood and iron. From a speech Bismarck made to a committee of the Prussian Parliament ten days after coming to power in 1862. © UCLES 2015 0470/23/O/N/15 [Turn over
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 3
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great Prussian action abroad. He believes that the circumstances are favourable for this. Such action has been from the beginning the aim of his political career. It would satisfy his ungoverned and unscrupulous, but daring, thirst for achievement. After such a policy the government would more easily master the internal strife in Prussia. It is inconceivable that King William could bring about the legal acceptance of the principles represented by his government
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 2 variant 3
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great powers involved but in B it could be; in A it had become an irrelevance, while in B it still had enormous potential. Level 2 Identifies information that is in one source but not in the other or states that the sources are about the same subject OR Compares the provenance of the sources [2] Level 1 Writes about the sources but makes no valid comparison [1] Level 0 No evidence
(IGCSE) History May/June 2013 paper 2 variant 3
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great wrong to put the white race of the South under the domination of the negro race. A black skin means membership in a race of men which has never of itself succeeded in subjecting passion to reason, has never, therefore, created any civilisation of any kind. From a history book published in 1902. The author’s parents had owned slaves. SOURCE G A cartoon published in the USA in
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 4 / 12 pages total, pdf
clothes, the very picture of poverty. All of them shouted ‘Long live the constitution’, ‘Long live Italy’, but they all demanded bread and land. An account by a government official, May 1848. He went to investigate the great land occupation during the revolution in the mountains of Sila in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. © UCLES 2014 0470/23/O/N/14
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2015 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 8 / 16 pages total, pdf
depression in the US by using dollars to prevent a collapse in Europe. Such a collapse would have left Europe open to Stalin. The Plan kept the post-war economies of Western Europe within the capitalist world. Every transaction was arranged to provide profits for US banks, finance corporations and industries. European nations ended up dependent on the United States. Most Americans agreed with James Byrnes, a leading member of the American
(IGCSE) History May/June 2011 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 8 / 12 pages total, pdf
depression by increasing exports to Europe. It is becoming more and more evident to everyone that the implementation of the Marshall Plan will mean placing European countries under the economic and political control of the United States and direct interference by the latter in the internal affairs of those countries. An important feature of this Plan is the attempt to confront the countries of Eastern Europe with a bloc of Western European states including
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2017 paper 2 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 2 / 13 pages total, pdf
Great Powers wanted to partition the Ottoman Empire, that Russia was worried about the Straits etc. Disagreements: Russian guarantees to Serbia cause war in A, Russia does not go to war for Serbia in B/Strong support for Serbia in A, support much more qualified in B etc. Level 2 Identifies information that is in one source but not in the other or states that the sources are about the same subject
(IGCSE) History May/June 2011 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 4 / 12 pages total, pdf
great nation. A provisional government is for the moment invested with the task of assuring and organising the national victory. With the capital of France on fire, the justification for the present provisional government must be sought in the public safety. All France will understand this and lend it the support of its patriotism. The Provisional Government wishes to establish a republic – subject to the people who will be immediately consulted.
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 11 / 16 pages total, pdf
great part of the Abyssinian territory. These fearful tactics succeeded. The deadly rain that fell from the aircraft made all those whom it touched shriek with pain. All those who drank the poisoned water or ate the infected food also succumbed in dreadful suffering. In tens of thousands, the victims of the Italian mustard gas fell. It is in order to denounce to the civilised world the tortures inflicted upon the Abyssinian
(IGCSE) History May/June 2009 paper 2
Question paper found on page 5 / 12 pages total, pdf
War and the Boxer outbreak. On the last occasion the Japanese army was able to play a very great part in the relief of Peking. First based on French models and later on German, the Japanese army has since developed a model of its own. From the memoirs of Prince Hirobumi Ito, published in 1909. He was Prime Minister of Japan four times between 1885 and 1901.
(IGCSE) History May/June 2008 paper 2
Question paper found on page 2 / 12 pages total, pdf
great powers in not having a major overseas empire – Germany wanted its ‘place in the sun’. The Moroccan Crises of 1905–6 and 1911 involved both of these issues, with Germany trying to disrupt international alliances and attempting to maintain an influence in Morocco. In the years leading up to the First World War Germany claimed that it was merely responding to these two concerns and that it was
(IGCSE) History May/June 2013 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 8 / 16 pages total, pdf
great powers divided in their objectives at Paris, but their individual peace programmes also in themselves contained contradictory policies. It is not always accurate to regard the French as pursuing re venge, while the Br itish and Americans followed the more noble aims of peace and reconciliation. Wilson strongly believed that Germany needed to be punished for her part in starting the war. Clemenceau was convinced that only an effective balance of power
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2019 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 2 / 16 pages total, pdf
great deal of luck. It is likely that events could have stopped there. Neither Piedmont nor France was interested in a unified Italy. A united Italy would damage French interests; Napoleon wanted a French satellite state as a neighbour, not a strong united state. And Cavour was not really interested in the Italian cause. Uppermost in his mind were hatred of Austria, personal ambition and Piedmontese expansion. He knew nothing of
(IGCSE) History May/June 2005 paper 2
Question paper found on page 5 / 16 pages total, pdf
great fight’ be postponed for 18 months to allow the Kiel Canal to be completed. That was the end of the conference. The result amounted to almost nothing. Moltke says: War the sooner the better, but he does not draw the logical conclusion from this, which is: To present Russia or France or both with an ultimatum which would unleash the war with right on our side. Admiral von Muller’
(IGCSE) History May/June 2014 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 11 / 16 pages total, pdf
great deal of time and money has been put into it, and many able and dedicated people have been involved. We should not, however, proceed. From a note written on 31 March 1961 by Chester Bowles, Under-Secretary of State, to his boss, Secretary of State, Dean Rusk. Rusk was in charge of American foreign policy in Kennedy’s government. SOURCE E A cartoon published in a Russian
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2010 paper 2 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 2 / 6 pages total, pdf
great man. [3–4] Level 4 Surprised / not surprised based on content. i.e. Compares C and D. [5–6] Level 5 Cross references to other sources or contextual knowledge to explain why surprised / not surprised by source D. [7–8] 3 Study sources E and F. How similar are the messages of these two cartoons? Explain your answer using details of the sources and your own
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 11 / 16 pages total, pdf
Great Britain even encouraged these objections. It became clear that these negotiations were doomed to failure and we had to explore other possibilities of ensuring peace and defending the interests of the USSR [Applause]. Only when it became clear that the German government genuinely desired to change its foreign policy towards the USSR did we agree to a Soviet-German Pact. The Pact has been the object of numerous attacks in English,
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 9 / 12 pages total, pdf
great advantages for France of the Treaty, such as the re-annexation of Alsace-Lorraine. It also criticises its imperfections from a French point of view: its failure to destroy the unity of Germany, the lack of guarantees needed for the continued safety of nations and the insufficiency of the measures to ensure the full reparation of war losses. From a British government report about the reaction to the Treaty in French newspapers
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2009 paper 2
Question paper found on page 5 / 12 pages total, pdf
Great Britain was going to make war on a kindred nation who desired nothing better than to be friends with her. What Britain had done was unthinkable; it was like striking a man down from behind whilst he was fighting for his life against two assailants. Britain must be held responsible for the terrible events that might happen. Bethmann-Hollweg speaking to the British Ambassador in Berlin in July 1914. SOURCE
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 51 / 85 pages total, pdf
great civilisations.’ ‘It brought the advantages of a Christian religion, medicines and a sophisticated way of life.’ ‘Europeans built roads, dams, schools, churches, clinics, railways, airports and cities. These improved on the mud huts and primitive shelters.’ ‘Europeans opened mines and started plantations to produce cocoa, groundnuts, palm oil, rubber and other valuable cash crops.’ ‘Europeans assumed their civilisation was a superior one.
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 44 / 85 pages total, pdf
who started the war in 1948.’ ‘Despite UN requests, Israel refused to accept any ‘returners’. These were known as infiltrators and viewed with great suspicion.’ ‘Since the late 1960s, Palestinian politics have been dominated by the PLO. The PLO was committed to the use of armed force and the destruction of Israel. As this was not successful, it did not help the refugees.’
(IGCSE) History May/June 2019 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 9 / 12 pages total, pdf
Great danger threatens our motherland and its people. What is needed to liquidate this menace? In this war we wage against the Syngman Rhee clique, the Korean people must defend the Korean People’s Republic, they must liquidate the unpatriotic fascist puppet regime of Syngman Rhee, they must liberate the southern part of our motherland. We must complete the unification of the motherland and create a single, independent, democratic state. The
(IGCSE) History May/June 2002 paper 2
Question paper found on page 9 / 12 pages total, pdf
great sacrifice the people of our countries achieved victory over Hitlerian fascism and won the opportunity to follow the path of socialism. The frontiers of the socialist world moved to the centre of Europe. And we shall never agree to these historic gains and the security of our peoples being placed in danger. A letter from the Soviet government to the Czechoslovak Communist Party, July 1968. SOURCE G Socialism for us
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2013 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Great Powers go to war over these differences? The answer by 1911 seemed to be no. The French preferred to pressure the German government by withdrawing French money from Germany. William II was resolutely opposed to war. Kiderlen-Waechter, the minister in charge of German foreign policy, never considered it as an option during the crisis. Lloyd George’s Mansion House speech signalled British support for France and was designed
(IGCSE) History Feb/March 2017 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
great pressure from abolitionists. Although he introduced it in July 1862, he postponed issuing it until 1863 and spent the time trying to persuade Black Americans to support the idea of colonisation. When issued, it did not liberate a single slave in states that his government controlled as it applied only to areas ruled by the Confederates. What it did, however, was weaken the Confederacy. When in 18
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 9 / 12 pages total, pdf
great subject, I want to tell you a few very simple things about the League. Unless we get the united purpose and power of the great Governments of the world behind this settlement, it will fall down like a house of cards. There is only one power to put behind the liberation of mankind, and that is the power of mankind. It is the power of the united moral forces of the
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2010 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 8 / 16 pages total, pdf
great importance for both sides. It stood between the Nationalists and the capture of Bilbao which was seen as key to the Nationalists winning the war. The whole matter is further complicated by the fact that Guernica is in the Basque country of Northern Spain and was the centre of demands for an independent Basque state. The Basques knew that the Nationalists would not allow them to have their own independent nation and in
(IGCSE) History May/June 2008 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 4 / 6 pages total, pdf
great powers restraining Germany. 6 Study all the sources. How far do these sources support the view that no one understood how dangerous Hitler was to international peace and stability? Use the sources to explain your answer. Level 1 No valid use of sources [1–3] Level 2 Uses sources to support or reject the statement [4–6] Level 3 Uses sources to support and reject the statement [7–10]
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2013 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 9 / 12 pages total, pdf
great power, fearing that a compromise would shame us. Such fears are senseless. They are unworthy of the richest, most powerful country in the world. From a book called ‘The Arrogance of Power’ by Senator Fulbright, Chairman of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The book was published in America in 1966. SOURCE F A cartoon published in Britain in 1966. © UCLES 2013 04
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 11 / 12 pages total, pdf
great people, 60 million strong, if they want to come in on equal terms with the rest of us and do justice in international affairs? I want to say that I did not find any of my colleagues in Paris against doing justice to Germany. But I hear that this treaty is very hard on Germany. When a country has committed a criminal act, the punishment is hard, but the punishment
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2017 paper 2 variant 3
Question paper found on page 5 / 16 pages total, pdf
Great Britain if the discussions ended in a rupture between France and Germany. Cambon said he did not believe that the German Emperor desired war, but that His Majesty was pursuing a very dangerous policy. He had succeeded in inciting public opinion and military opinion in Germany, and there was a risk that matters might be brought to a point in which a peaceful outcome would be difficult. I could only state that