(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2017 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 25 / 90 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference was a turning point because it made him even more convinced that he could demand and take whatever he liked and no-one would stop him. He had gained the Sudetenland without having to use force and he now thought other powers were too scared to stand up to him. He therefore went ahead and took all of Czechoslovakia and then invaded Poland.’ OR e.g. ‘The Munich Conference was
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2009 paper 1
Mark scheme found on page 14 / 54 pages total, pdf
Poland the USSR would get their share without having to fight.’ ‘Stalin was upset that he had not been invited to the Munich Conference and that Britain and France distrusted him and delayed negotiations.’ ‘Stalin thought that Britain and France would be happy to see the Soviet Union doing all the fighting if war broke out with Germany.’ ‘Land was partly taken from Russia to re-create Poland after the First
(A/s) History Oct/Nov 2019 paper 2 variant 1
Mark scheme found on page 25 / 28 pages total, pdf
Poland had been successfully isolated. The signing of the Nazi- Soviet Pact had ensured that the USSR would not interfere with Germany’s invasion of Poland. Hitler did not believe that Britain and France would go to war over Poland – after all, they had done nothing to prevent his takeover of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 and had been easily duped at the Munich Conference in 1938. He was convinced
(IGCSE) History May/June 2016 paper 1 variant 1
Mark scheme found on page 19 / 68 pages total, pdf
Poland.’ ‘Stalin wanted the Baltic States, which used to belong to Russia.’ ‘Stalin was not invited to the Munich Conference.’ ‘There were attempts to make an agreement with France and Britain throughout the 1930s.’ ‘Stalin signed an agreement with France in 1935, but he felt the French were not sincere.’ ‘France failed to stop Germany re-militarising the Rhineland, an area on its
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2006 paper 1
Mark scheme found on page 14 / 53 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference of September 1938? Level 1 General answer 1-2 e.g. ‘That Czechoslovakia be saved.’ Level 2 Describes what was agreed 2-5 e.g. ‘A solution to avoid war. Peace/peace in our time’. ‘That Hitler be given the Sudetenland (1) as had been agreed at Bad Godesberg. (1)’ ‘The claims on Czech territory by Hungary and Poland were to be met
(A/s) History Oct/Nov 2015 paper 2 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 14 / 15 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference in 1938? [10] Chamberlain, like his French counterpart Daladier, was desperate to avoid a full-scale war, for which neither of their countries was adequately prepared (either militarily or economically). At Munich, Hitler signed a piece of paper renouncing warlike intentions and agreeing to settle any future dispute by negotiation. Chamberlain believed that German claims over the Sudetenland were reasonable; an error of the Treaty
(A/s) History May/June 2019 paper 2 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 27 / 29 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference in 1938, and endorsed by the fact that the German takeover of the whole of Czechoslovakia went unopposed. Convinced that Britain and France would do no more to defend Poland than they had to protect Czechoslovakia, he removed what he saw as the only obstacle to his plans by signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact – another example of his ability to isolate potential targets by devious diplomacy. Rather than gambles
(IGCSE) History Feb/March 2017 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 22 / 76 pages total, pdf
Poland without going to war.’ OR e.g. ‘Hitler ignored Britain’s warning that, if he invaded Poland, Britain would declare war. Britain had signed a formal alliance with Poland in August 1939. Hitler assumed that Britain’s and France’s opposition would be similar to that shown over Czechoslovakia.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes [2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g. Munich
(A/s) History May/June 2017 paper 2 variant 1
Mark scheme found on page 31 / 35 pages total, pdf
Poland, especially if the German invasion of Poland was a precursor to an attack on Russia? Prior to 1938, Hitler had been able to argue that his foreign policy actions were merely designed to right the wrongs of the Treaty of Versailles. Chamberlain had clearly accepted this at Munich, where he condoned German occupation of the Sudetenland because of its predominance of German speaking people. Hitler’s acquisition of the whole
(IGCSE) History Feb/March 2017 paper 1 variant 2
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Munich in 1938 were more important in bringing about war than Hitler’s aggression against Poland.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] 7 Following the end of hostilities in 1945, differences between the USA and the USSR surfaced. (a) What was discussed at the Yalta Conference? [4] (b) Why did Roosevelt’s death after the Yalta Conference affect
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2012 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 13 / 52 pages total, pdf
up his military strength.’ ‘The Pact was the final cause of war as Hitler could now invade Poland without interference from Stalin. Britain and France would declare war on Germany as they had guaranteed Poland’s independence.’ ‘Although Hitler hated communism, he was determined to avoid war on two fronts (Britain and France had guaranteed Poland’s security) and, therefore, was willing to make an agreement with Stalin.’
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2011 paper 1 variant 2
Question paper found on page 6 / 20 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference. (a) What was the policy of appeasement, followed by Britain in the 1930s? [5] (b) Why did Britain go to war over Poland? [7] (c) How far had Hitler achieved his foreign policy aims by the end of 1939? Explain your answer. [8] 7 Read the extract, and then answer the questions which follow. The Soviet Government is alarmed by
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 1 variant 2
Question paper found on page 6 / 20 pages total, pdf
Poland has been the corridor for attack on Russia. It is not merely a question of honour for Russia, but one of life and death. Stalin speaking to Churchill and Roosevelt at Yalta in 1945. (a) What was discussed, in relation to Poland, at the Yalta Conference? [5] (b) Why did tensions between the USSR and the Western Allies increase at the Potsdam Conference? [7] (
(IGCSE) English as a Second Language (Count-in speaking) May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 6 / 13 pages total, pdf
Munich, Germany) 9 Section B: Conference details Have you been to one of our conferences before? DELETE YES 9 Where did you stay during the conference? TICK host family 9 Please tell us your opinion of the following: The information you received before the conference: clear 9 The length of each session: just right 9 Which free-time activity did you most enjoy? dinner (on) final evening/final dinner 9
(IGCSE) History Feb/March 2017
Examiner report found on page 3 / 9 pages total, pdf
Munich. This resulted in one-sided answers which revolved around Britain and France warning Hitler over Poland and then declaring war when Hitler invaded. Successful responses showed that Munich helped create war by giving Hitler confidence in that he gained territory, military strength and eventually the whole of Czechoslovakia. It also gave Hitler the impression that the Allies would not intervene if he made Poland his next target. Some candidates gained credit for
(IGCSE) English as a Second Language (Count-in speaking) May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 6 / 16 pages total, pdf
Munich, Germany. Gregor had seen an advertisement for last year’s conference, which took place in Warsaw, Poland, but he had exams then, so he couldn’t go. He had been looking forward to this year’s conference since that time. Overall, he found it was a very positive experience. Gregor and Andrei travelled to Budapest by train, then got a bus to the hotel where the conference was taking
(IGCSE) English as a Second Language (Speaking endorsement) May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 6 / 16 pages total, pdf
Munich, Germany. Gregor had seen an advertisement for last year’s conference, which took place in Warsaw, Poland, but he had exams then, so he couldn’t go. He had been looking forward to this year’s conference since that time. Overall, he found it was a very positive experience. Gregor and Andrei travelled to Budapest by train, then got a bus to the hotel where the conference was taking
(A/s) History Oct/Nov 2015 paper 2 variant 1
Mark scheme found on page 14 / 15 pages total, pdf
Munich. Therefore, when Hitler invaded Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany. In challenging the view, it could be argued that neither Britain nor France went to war against Germany to protect Czechoslovakia. Chamberlain’s initial reaction was to argue that Hitler had not broken his Munich agreements because the Germans had been ‘invited’ into Czechoslovakia to restore order. It was this weak response which convinced Hitler that Britain and
(A/s) History May/June 2019 paper 2 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 26 / 29 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference in 1938 and subsequently breaking his promises by occupying the whole of Czechoslovakia. • The riskiest gamble was his invasion of Poland in 1939. This time the gamble backfired, his conviction that Britain and France would do nothing to defend Poland proving inaccurate. Disagree • Some would argue that his plans were clearly signalled in his book ‘Mein Kampf’. • Each of Hitler’s moves was based
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2013 paper 1 variant 1
Mark scheme found on page 20 / 77 pages total, pdf
Munich in 1938.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question. [0] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘It was the result of Hitler’s actions not appeasement.’ [1] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons (One mark for each point) The decisions taken at Munich: What
(IGCSE) English as a Second Language (Speaking endorsement) May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 6 / 13 pages total, pdf
Munich, Germany) 9 Section B: Conference details Have you been to one of our conferences before? DELETE YES 9 Where did you stay during the conference? TICK host family 9 Please tell us your opinion of the following: The information you received before the conference: clear 9 The length of each session: just right 9 Which free-time activity did you most enjoy? dinner (on) final evening/final dinner 9
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 21 / 77 pages total, pdf
Poland, at the Yalta Conference? Level 0: No evidence submitted or response does not address the question [0] Level 1: General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘They had different views on the future of Poland.’ [1] Level 2: Describes discussions (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘The U.S.A. and Britain wanted to keep Poland’
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2015 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 16 / 68 pages total, pdf
Poland, Germany would lose Danzig to the new state of Poland. This worried the peacemakers because Danzig’s population was mainly German, and transfer to Poland could cause great resentment and an unstable situation politically.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘Danzig was an important sea port.’ ‘Germany may lose Danzig to Poland.’ ‘The population of
(A/s) History For examination from 2015 paper 2
Specimen mark scheme found on page 12 / 14 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference (1938) showed that Britain and France would do nothing to help Czechoslovakia and Hitler felt able to destroy it completely. Hitler could not have foreseen that the British and French were so inconsistent that they were prepared to support Poland (where Hitler’s claim to land was more reasonable) after giving way to him over Czechoslovakia (where his case was less valid). It is likely that, while
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 2
Mark scheme found on page 14 / 85 pages total, pdf
Munich, had promised that it would never go to war and Chamberlain thought his policy of appeasement had worked. The following year Hitler took Czechoslovakia and appeasement was dead.’ ‘Britain (and France) had agreed to preserve Poland’s independence if Hitler invaded.’ ‘There was a formal alliance signed with Poland on 25 th August 1939.’ ‘Hitler had ignored the ultimatum to call off the attack of Poland
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 1
Mark scheme found on page 14 / 85 pages total, pdf
Munich, had promised that it would never go to war and Chamberlain thought his policy of appeasement had worked. The following year Hitler took Czechoslovakia and appeasement was dead.’ ‘Britain (and France) had agreed to preserve Poland’s independence if Hitler invaded.’ ‘There was a formal alliance signed with Poland on 25 th August 1939.’ ‘Hitler had ignored the ultimatum to call off the attack of Poland
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2003 paper 4
Mark scheme found on page 14 / 85 pages total, pdf
Munich, had promised that it would never go to war and Chamberlain thought his policy of appeasement had worked. The following year Hitler took Czechoslovakia and appeasement was dead.’ ‘Britain (and France) had agreed to preserve Poland’s independence if Hitler invaded.’ ‘There was a formal alliance signed with Poland on 25 th August 1939.’ ‘Hitler had ignored the ultimatum to call off the attack of Poland
(IGCSE) History May/June 2016 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 21 / 71 pages total, pdf
Munich in 1938, say, ‘I believe it is peace for our time’? Level 4 Explains TWO reasons Level 3 Explains ONE reason [6] [4–5] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Following discussions at Munich over Czechoslovakia, Chamberlain made a personal visit to Hitler. Hitler agreed to sign a document which pledged consultation as the method to remove any
(IGCSE) History Feb/March 2019 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 28 / 92 pages total, pdf
Munich Agreement.’ ‘They were to blame because they gave Hitler the impression he could get away with anything.’ ‘They were to blame because they declared war on Germany on 1 September 1939.’ ‘Russia was to blame because by signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact they allowed Hitler to invade Poland.’ ‘Germany was to blame for invading Poland.’ ‘Germany was to blame because Hitler wanted to win ‘living
(A/s) History May/June 2016 paper 2 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 12 / 13 pages total, pdf
Poland inevitable. Believing that Britain and France would do nothing to protect Poland, Hitler felt that he had effectively removed all potential opposition to his plans to gain lebensraum to the east, firstly by taking Poland and, subsequently, invading the USSR. The Pact came as a shock to the rest of the world; the fundamental political differences between Germany and the USSR, together with the open hostility which existed between Hitler
(IGCSE) History May/June 2016 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 21 / 68 pages total, pdf
Conference? Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail [1–4] e.g. ‘There was no agreement over the future government of Poland.’ ‘Truman thought Stalin should honour the Yalta agreement of free elections in Poland.’ ‘Stalin would only recognise the Lublin Polish government.’ ‘Stalin would not acknowledge the authority of the Polish exiled government in London.’ ‘They disagreed over the
(IGCSE) History May/June 2004 paper 1
Question paper found on page 5 / 20 pages total, pdf
Conference, particularly those related to Poland. President Roosevelt writing to Stalin in April 1945. (a) What was agreed at the Yalta Conference, 1945? [5] (b) Explain why the Soviet Union blockaded Berlin. [7] (c) ‘The Soviet Union was to blame for the Cold War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8] © UCLES 2004
(IGCSE) History May/June 2009 paper 1
Mark scheme found on page 15 / 52 pages total, pdf
Conference? Level 1 General answer [1–2] e.g. ‘Strength in eastern Europe.’ Level 2 Describes gains [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘One Soviet zone in Germany; one Soviet zone in Berlin.’ (2 marks) ‘That eastern Europe should be seen as a ‘Soviet sphere of influence’.’ ‘His plans for Poland’s boundaries.
(A/s) History May/June 2018 paper 2 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 21 / 24 pages total, pdf
Poland in 1939? Hitler seemed convinced that he could continue his aggressive foreign policy without the intervention of other major European nations. The Nazi-Soviet Pact had ensured that Stalin’s USSR would do nothing to prevent his planned invasion of Poland, while the meeting in Munich led him to believe that the British Prime Minister, Chamberlain, was weak and would do no more to protect Poland than he had Czechoslovakia.
(A/s) History Oct/Nov 2018 paper 2 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 23 / 26 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference held? Candidates might explain several of the following: • • • • • • © UCLES 2018 By 1938, Hitler’s Germany had already successfully challenged much of the Treaty of Versailles, e.g. it had re-developed its armed forces, occupied the Rhineland in 1936 and achieved Anschluss in March 1938, and formed the Rome-Berlin Axis. There had been no effective
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 19 / 68 pages total, pdf
Munich.’ ‘Appeasing Hitler had failed.’ ‘Britain and France had lost a good ally.’ ‘It was pure aggression by Hitler.’ ‘Hitler gained resources from Czechoslovakia.’ ‘Poland was in danger of being Hitler’s next target.’ ‘Czechoslovakia was not a part of the Treaty of Versailles.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Hitler was bidding to dominate Europe by force.
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 9 / 16 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference simply agreed to the Sudetenland being peacefully incorporated into Germany. It seems Hitler, despite gaining the Sudetenland without firing a shot, was dissatisfied with Munich and was eager to push ahead with his own desire to occupy the remainder of Czechoslovakia at the earliest opportunity. In a separate meeting, Chamberlain persuaded Hitler to sign a piece of paper which declared that Britain and Germany would ‘never go to war with
(IGCSE) History May/June 2015 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 21 / 68 pages total, pdf
Poland were agreed at the Potsdam Conference? Level 1 [1–4] One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail e.g. ‘Poland’s (western) border with Germany was settled. It would be a line formed by the rivers Oder and Neisse.’ (A mark for the name of each river.) ‘Poland’s eastern border with the USSR would move westward.’ Level 0 No evidence submitted
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2018 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 28 / 90 pages total, pdf
Poland were made at the Yalta Conference? Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 4 1–4 e.g. ‘A provisional government was to be established in Poland. It was to comprise of the pro-Soviet Lublin Poles and the exiled London Poles.’ ‘There was to be a provisional government, to be known as the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity.’ ‘Poland’s
(A/s) History Oct/Nov 2015 paper 2 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 13 / 14 pages total, pdf
Poland were merely a precursor to a German attack on the USSR. Hitler believed that Britain and France would do nothing to protect Poland or Russia – this was because of the weakness they had shown in the past, particularly over the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, and because Russian communism was feared in Western Europe. However, he misjudged the British and French response; it was the German invasion of Poland which led
(IGCSE) History May/June 2015 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 22 / 68 pages total, pdf
Conference in 1945? Level 4 Explains TWO reasons Level 3 Explains ONE reason [6] [4–5] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Truman told Stalin on the eve of the Potsdam Conference that the USA had developed an atomic bomb. This was a major source of worry to Stalin throughout the conference, who feared the USA might use the threat of
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2018 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 8 / 12 pages total, pdf
Conference showed how Hitler’s policy was changing from one centred on diplomatic initiatives to one where military force was to play a much greater part. The Czech crisis brought Europe very close to war. Hitler wrote at this time, ‘It is my unalterable decision to smash Czechoslovakia by military action.’ The effects of the Munich Agreement had profound implications for European diplomacy and the balance of power, since with hindsight it
(IGCSE) History May/June 2010 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 16 / 53 pages total, pdf
Poland free elections were to be held.’ ‘Eastern Europe would become a ‘sphere of influence’ for the USSR.’ ‘There were to be adjustments to the Polish/USSR border.’ (b) Why was it difficult to reach agreement at the Potsdam Conference? Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘Because the USSR and the West held differing views.’ Level 2 Identifies why [2–4] (One mark
(IGCSE) History May/June 2006 paper 1
Mark scheme found on page 12 / 52 pages total, pdf
Conference of Ambassadors. This undermined the League’ ‘The League was ignored when it requested Poland to withdraw from Vilna. Poland refused and remained in Vilna.’ ‘The League failed over Manchuria where it took twelve months for the Lytton Report and the League did nothing more than condemn Japan’s actions. When the Report was accepted Japan left the League.’ ‘The League imposed sanctions on Italy after they invaded Abyssinia but
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2013 paper 1 variant 1
Question paper found on page 5 / 20 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference. (a) Describe events in the Rhineland in 1936. [5] (b) Why was appeasement beneficial to Britain? [7] (c) ‘War in Europe started in 1939 because of decisions taken at Munich in 1938.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8] © UCLES 2013 0470/11/O/N/13 [Turn over
(A/s) History May/June 2016
Examiner report found on page 26 / 45 pages total, pdf
Conference (1932–33) unsuccessful? Virtually all candidates were able to show how, with the exception of Germany, no country had honoured the commitment which it made at the Paris Peace Conference to undertake disarmament. That this had caused resentment in Germany was widely understood. These two points were generally perceived as the reason why the World Disarmament Conference failed to reach agreement. The most successful responses were characterised by
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2009 paper 1
Question paper found on page 4 / 20 pages total, pdf
Poland. It was a high-handed outrage. Unless Russia is faced with an iron fist and strong language another war is in the making. From a letter sent by the US President Truman to his Secretary of State, January 1946. (a) What did Stalin gain from the Yalta conference? [5] (b) Why did tensions between the USSR and the Western Allies increase at the Potsdam conference? [7
(IGCSE) History Feb/March 2017 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 24 / 76 pages total, pdf
Conference? Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail [1–4] e.g. ‘What to do with a defeated Germany.’ ‘What to do with Germany’s leaders.’ ‘What to do with countries formerly occupied by Germany.’ ‘The future of Poland.’ ‘The moving of Poland’s borders.’ ‘How war against Japan could be ended.’ ‘How a lasting peace was
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2010 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 15 / 53 pages total, pdf
Conference of Ambassadors. This undermined the League, thus reducing its power.’ ‘The League was ignored when it requested Poland to withdraw from Vilna. Poland refused and remained in Vilna. The League took no action.’ ‘The League failed over Manchuria where it took twelve months for the Lytton Report and the League did nothing more than con demn Japan’s actions. When the Report was accepted Japan left the League.
(A/s) History May/June 2017 paper 2 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 25 / 28 pages total, pdf
Munich agreement as guaranteeing future peace. Hitler’s subsequent acquisition of the whole of Czechoslovakia was in breach of the Munich agreement and, unlike his earlier acquisitions, could have no possible justification. Hitler had seized territory over which Germany had no possible justifiable claim. Urged on by those, such as Winston Churchill, who had opposed appeasement all along, Chamberlain now began suggesting that Hitler’s intention was world domination. Britain introduced
(A/s) History Oct/Nov 2018
Examiner report found on page 24 / 41 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference held? Most candidates were aware of some reasons for the Munich Conference and were able to give details of the issue of the Sudetenland. Better responses gave some insight into the intentions and expectations of the main participants in the Conference. A few weaker answers focused more on the outcome of the conference rather than the reasons for holding it. (b) ‘Britain adopted appeasement as a response to the shortcomings
(IGCSE) History May/June 2013 paper 1 variant 3
Question paper found on page 7 / 20 pages total, pdf
Conference, recorded some time after the event. (a) What did Churchill mean by the ‘iron curtain’? [5] (b) Why was it difficult to reach a satisfactory agreement at the Potsdam Conference of July 1945? [7] (c) How successful was the USA in containing Communism in Europe up to 1949? Explain your answer. [8] © UCLES 2013 0470/13/M
(IGCSE) History May/June 2009 paper 1
Question paper found on page 4 / 20 pages total, pdf
Poland. It was a high-handed outrage. Unless Russia is faced with an iron fist and strong language another war is in the making. From a letter sent by the US President Truman to his Secretary of State, January 1946. (a) What did Stalin gain from the Yalta conference? [5] (b) Why did tensions between the USSR and the Western Allies increase at the Potsdam conference? [7
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 33 / 68 pages total, pdf
Munich, was the first purpose-built camp.’ ‘The camps were usually in isolated rural areas.’ ‘They were run by SS Death’s Head units.’ ‘Prisoners were forced to do hard labour.’ ‘It was slave labour in quarries, in agriculture and forestry.’ ‘Food was limited and prisoners suffered harsh discipline.’ ‘There were beatings, torture and even deaths.’ ‘As Germany conquered territory, concentration camps were
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2011 paper 1 variant 1
Mark scheme found on page 16 / 59 pages total, pdf
supporting detail. e.g. ‘Germany would be divided as agreed at Yalta.’ ‘Industrial equipment could be taken from own zone in Germany as reparations.’ ‘Poland’s eastern border would be moved west to the rivers Oder and Neisse.’ ‘The Nazi Party was banned and its leaders were to be tried as war criminals.’ ‘Germans living in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia would be sent back to Germany.’
(IGCSE) History May/June 2009 paper 1
Mark scheme found on page 12 / 52 pages total, pdf
Poland and Germany had claimed the land. Both accepted the League’s decision of splitting the area in accordance with the plebiscite and ensuring the availability of services to both areas.’ OR ‘Mussolini was ordered to withdraw from Corfu which he did. The Greeks were made to pay compensation and Mussolini used his influence with the Conference of Ambassadors. This undermined the League’ ‘The League was ignored when it requested Poland
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 12 / 16 pages total, pdf
Munich. They will be too cowardly to attack. Poland will be depopulated and settled with Germans. My pact with the Poles was merely to gain time. The fate of Russia will be exactly the same. After Stalin’s death – he is a very sick man – we will break the Soviet Union. Then will begin the dawn of the German rule of the earth. From a speech by Hitler to his
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2019 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 52 / 94 pages total, pdf
Poland, where the Nazis thought they could get away with murdering the Jews in secret.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons 2–3 One mark for each identification/description. e.g. ‘The Nazis built death camps in the occupied territories.’ ‘Jews were rounded up and killed in large numbers in the invasion of the USSR.’ ‘In Poland, the Jews were forced into poor ghettos where living conditions meant
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2006 paper 1
Question paper found on page 6 / 20 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference of September 1938? [5] (b) Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 1939 important? [7] (c) How far was the Treaty of Versailles to blame for the outbreak of war in 1939? Explain your answer. [8] 7 Study the cartoon, and then answer the questions which follow. A cartoon published in 1962 showing Khrushchev and Kennedy. (a)
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 25 / 90 pages total, pdf
Munich this would be his last request. So, war was not inevitable.’ OR ‘If Britain and France had worked with the Czechs and Russians, Hitler could have been halted and war avoided. By giving away the Sudetenland, it made it easy for Hitler to take the rest of Czechoslovakia and leave Poland vulnerable. Churchill warned ‘this is only the beginning’. So, war was likely.’ 2–3 Level 2
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 21 / 90 pages total, pdf
made arrangements for water and power supplies.’ OR ‘Vilna had been made the capital of newly created Lithuania. The city was seized by a Polish army. The League asked the Polish army to withdraw but it refused. The matter was passed to the Conference of Ambassadors. France refused to act against Poland, seeing them as a future ally.’ © UCLES 2017 Page 21 of 90 4–6
(IGCSE) History May/June 2015 paper 1 variant 3
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Poland were agreed at the Potsdam Conference? [4] (b) Why was the Marshall Plan offered to all countries of Europe? [6] (c) ‘The main cause of tension between the Soviet Union and the West between 1947 and 1949 was the Berlin Airlift.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] 8 The Soviet Union faced many problems controlling countries
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 22 / 77 pages total, pdf
. By the time of the Conference, Stalin’s troops controlled the Baltic States. Refugees were fleeing from these states fearing a Communist take-over.’ ‘Stalin had set up a Communist government in Poland ignoring the wishes of the majority of Poles. Britain and the U.S.A. protested but Stalin insisted it was a defensive measure against possible future attacks.’ [4–7] © Cambridge International Examinations 2014
(IGCSE) History May/June 2018 paper 1 variant 2
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Munich Agreement of 1938.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] 7 Differences between the USSR and the USA resulted in the Cold War. (a) What decisions about Germany were made at the Yalta Conference of 1945? [4] (b) Why was the wartime unity of the Allies beginning to break down by the time of the Yalta Conference? [6
(IGCSE) History May/June 2006 paper 1
Mark scheme found on page 13 / 52 pages total, pdf
Conference of 1932-33 Germany wanted everyone to disarm to her own low level. France refused. Hitler withdrew from the Conference and the League and started to re-arm.’ ‘Hitler announced that Germany had an air force and was introducing conscription, both forbidden by the Treaty.’ ‘The signing of the Anglo-German Naval Treaty allowing Germany to build up its navy showed the military terms of the Treaty were
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2011 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 8 / 16 pages total, pdf
Poland and Czechoslovakia all existed before the Peace Conference started. The best the peacemakers could do was to prevent Europe collapsing into further subdivisions and to draw as rational borders as possible. The demand for nation-states was not itself rational in the world of 1919. It was not possible to put all the Poles into Poland or all the Germans into Germany. The peacemakers did their best to impose obligations on
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 8 / 16 pages total, pdf
Munich conference on 29 September merely affected the timing and means of the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. Instead of the Sudetenland being forcibly occupied as Hitler had demanded, the occupation was spread over the first ten days of October. Munich was in one respect a triumph for Chamberlain. Hitler had been obliged to abandon his plan to ‘smash Czechoslovakia by military action’. At the beginning of September Hitler was confident that Britain
(A/s) History May/June 2017 paper 1 variant 3
Question paper found on page 7 / 8 pages total, pdf
Poland and elsewhere. From an article in an American newspaper, 11 June 1945. Source D The most serious disagreement at the San Francisco Conference is Russia’s insistence on the veto right to prevent the Security Council from investigating international disputes. The trouble is that, although all the nations desire peace, none of them is willing to sacrifice any important national interest to that desire. Next to Russia, the
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2018
Examiner report found on page 24 / 39 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference made Churchill’s repudiation of the Munich Agreement five days later surprising. The two sources gave totally different judgements on the agreement. For many candidates, the difference led them to conclude that they were surprised. What could have improved such answers was contextual awareness. Generally, those candidates with knowledge of the careers of Chamberlain and Churchill during the 1930s, were not surprised by the fact that they disagreed
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2018 paper 1 variant 2
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Poland were made at the Yalta Conference? [4] (b) Why did the death of Roosevelt make a difference to the Potsdam Conference? [6] (c) ‘The actions of Stalin between 1946 and 1949 were responsible for starting the Cold War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] 8 The USSR’s control over Eastern Europe collapsed quickly. (a)
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2018 paper 2 variant 2
Question paper found on page 9 / 12 pages total, pdf
Poland and its allies Britain and France was widening and could soon be wide open. However, it also gave Hitler a chance and he gambled on it by ordering the attack on Poland. This decision, based as it was on Hitler supposing that Britain and France would not go to war, was a mistake, a miscalculation. From a history book published in 1960. SOURCE C A British cartoon published in
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 1 variant 3
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Munich Agreement of 1938 ensured that war would happen.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] 7 After the Second World War, Communism was a threat to the USA. (a) What was the importance of the 38th parallel in relation to Korea? [4] (b) Why did the USA become involved in resisting the invasion of South Korea? [6]
(A/s) History May/June 2016 paper 2 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 11 / 14 pages total, pdf
Conference was intended to address this issue in the hope of avoiding the type of arms race which had characterised the build-up to WWI. Despite lengthy discussions, none of the major powers was prepared to reduce its military capabilities and the Conference broke up in disarray. The timing of the Conference could not have been worse. International tension had grown for three main reasons. Firstly, the world-wide economic chaos which
(A/s) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 2 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 13 / 15 pages total, pdf
Conference (1922) clearly showed the on-going tensions between Germany and France, tensions which were to lead to France’s occupation of the Ruhr. Despite the apparent success of the Locarno Treaties, France retained a deep suspicion regarding Germany. Moreover, the Treaties provided no guarantees regarding Germany’s borders with Czechoslovakia and Poland. The Kellogg- Briand Pact was essentially meaningless, since no agreement was reached on what sanctions might
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2018
Examiner report found on page 10 / 39 pages total, pdf
Poland. Some responses also included details regarding the establishment of a provisional government in Poland, comprising of Lublin Poles and London Poles. A small number of candidates wrote about decisions made about Poland after the First World War. (b) A number of candidates gave one clear explanation focused upon Roosevelt trying to work positively with Stalin and Roosevelt’s successor Truman being far more anti-communist. Many responses identified points only;
(A/s) History May/June 2014
Examiner report found on page 20 / 26 pages total, pdf
Conference? Most candidates focused on the fact that, following revolution in 1917, Russia had a communist government. Other European countries, fearing th e spread of communism and actively supporting counter-revolutionaries in the Russian Civil War, saw Bolshevik Russia as an enemy which had no right to attend the Paris Peace Conference. Va lid though this argument is, the most impressive responses were able to provide greater range and dept
(A/s) History May/June 2018
Examiner report found on page 20 / 42 pages total, pdf
Conference and an ability to write with a greater or lesser degree of detail about the conference and its outcomes, although not always directly related to Clemenceau. Weaker responses wrote extensively about the terms of the Versailles Treaty and then added a brief comment about which were acceptable to Clemenceau with only an implicit suggestion that they were testing the hypothesis that Clemenceau achieved what he hoped for at the conference. Sometimes candidates also
(IGCSE) History May/June 2016 paper 1 variant 2
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Munich in 1938, say, ‘I believe it is peace for our time’? [6] (c) ‘The British-French guarantee to Poland was more responsible than the Nazi–Soviet Pact for the Second World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] 7 Tensions between the two superpowers up to 1950 turned into a ‘cold war’. (a) What
(IGCSE) History May/June 2016
Examiner report found on page 3 / 39 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference, Stalin’s belief that Britain and France were weak as they had allowed Hitler to break terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and the underlying ideological differences between them. Explanations relating to Stalin’s interest in parts of eastern Poland and his desire to gain time to build up his armed forces were also given. Some less successful responses explained why Hitler wanted to make the deal; the question specifically asks
(IGCSE) History May/June 2016 paper 1 variant 1
Mark scheme found on page 21 / 68 pages total, pdf
Poland. It was to comprise the Lublin Poles and the exiled London Poles.’ ‘Poland’s border was to be moved westwards into German territory.’ ‘As countries were liberated they were allowed to hold free elections.’ ‘The Big Three agreed that eastern Europe should be seen as a ‘Soviet sphere of influence’.’ ‘Stalin agreed to intervene in the war with Japan after Germany’s defeat. In return, Russia
(A/s) History May/June 2015 paper 2 variant 1
Mark scheme found on page 12 / 14 pages total, pdf
Poland there were 14 political parties, leading to weak and unstable government until Pilsudski’s military coup created a dictatorship in 1926) • Economic difficulties: both Austria and Hungary had lost much of their industrial land. They became increasingly reliant on foreign loans • Border disputes were inevitable (e.g. Yugoslavia had disputes with Greece, Bulgaria with Italy; Poland with Germany, Czechoslovakia, Lithuania and Russia). (b)
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 18 / 68 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference was arranged for 29th September.’ ‘It was attended by Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler and Mussolini.’ ‘Czechoslovakia and the USSR were not invited.’ ‘Hitler got what he had demanded, the whole of the Sudetenland.’ ‘The Czechs were forced to accept the agreement or face the German army on their own.’ ‘It showed that France and Britain were following appeasement.’ ‘Britain and France had abandoned
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2016 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 20 / 68 pages total, pdf
Poland despite warnings from Britain.’ ‘The League of Nations took little action over Manchuria and Abyssinia.’ ‘The Disarmament Conference failed to get countries to disarm.’ ‘Britain and France adopted a policy of appeasement towards Hitler.’ ‘The terms of the Treaty of Versailles left Germany seeking revenge.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Hitler pushed Britain and France to the point where
(A/s) History Oct/Nov 2015
Examiner report found on page 22 / 47 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference in 1938? This question was generally well-answered. Most candidates displayed detailed understanding of the context in which the Munich Conference was held, and were able to demonstrate how the agreements which emerged from it appeared to satisfy Chamberlain’s primary aim, the prevention of another major war. The most impressive responses were able to identify several reasons why Chamberlain was so keen to preserve future peace, ranging from
(A/s) History Oct/Nov 2018 paper 2 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 22 / 26 pages total, pdf
Conference (1932–33), where the French refused to reduce its military capability despite the promise they had made at the Paris Peace Conference and in joining the League of Nations. Throughout the 1920s, France developed a series of alliances with states in Eastern Europe – Poland (1921), Czechoslovakia (1924), Romania (1926), Yugoslavia (1927) – designed to protect
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2014 paper 2 variant 1
Question paper found on page 9 / 16 pages total, pdf
Munich and behind the back of the Soviet Union. After Munich, the Soviet Union had every reason to believe that the West was manoeuvring to push Hitler into an attack upon the USSR. The Soviet Union decided to protect itself through a non-aggression pact. The West had only itself to blame for what happened. The Soviet Union undoubtedly gained temporary safety and additional time to prepare for the inevitable onslaught. From
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2007 paper 1
Question paper found on page 5 / 16 pages total, pdf
Conference? [7] (c) ‘The main reason for the escalation of the Cold War in the years 1947– 49 was the Berlin Blockade.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8] 8 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow. My dear friends today we have started negotiations for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from our country and for the cancellation
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2011 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 13 / 52 pages total, pdf
Poland.’ ‘Britain no longer trusted Hitler.’ ‘Hitler ignored Britain’s ultimatum.’ ‘Hitler invaded Poland.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Britain had no choice but to go to war over Poland. Britain had guaranteed they would preserve the independence of Poland and so when German armies invaded Poland and Hitler then gave no
(IGCSE) Geography Oct/Nov 2010 paper 1 variant 2
Question paper found on page 2 / 12 pages total, pdf
Poland in 2006. Poland is an MEDC which joined the European Union (EU) in 2004. Migration from Poland in 2006 USA UK Ireland POLAND Other Countries Germany Netherlands Spain Italy Scale 1 mm = 1% of emigrants Fig. 1A Cleaner Warehouse 9% Catering 10% 9% Packer 9% Fig. 1B © UCLES 2010 Top 10 Migrant Jobs in the UK Carer Retail 4
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2011 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 11 / 58 pages total, pdf
Conference of Ambassadors.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘The Council of the League wanted to condemn Italy’s actions but France and Britain did not want to upset Mussolini and would not permit it. This put pressure on the Greeks to accept Mussolini’s demands.’ ‘Behind the scenes, Mussolini worked on the Conference of Ambassadors
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2017 paper 1 variant 3
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Munich Conference was a turning point for Hitler’s foreign policy.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] 7 Rising tensions between East and West turned into the Cold War. (a) What issues were discussed with regard to (i) Japan and (ii) reparations at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences? [4] (b) Why was tension beginning to show between the USA and
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2015 paper 1 variant 3
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Conference. (a) What were the main terms of the Treaty of Sèvres with Turkey? [4] (b) Why did Lloyd George believe that a moderate peace settlement with Germany was in British interests? [6] (c) Who was more satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles: Wilson or Clemenceau? Explain your answer. [10] 6 Hitler’s military power affected many people in Europe. (a) What actions
(IGCSE) History Oct/Nov 2012 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 15 / 52 pages total, pdf
Conference. Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question [0] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘The USSR had not kept to the terms of the Yalta meeting.’ Level 2 Describes disagreements [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘They disagreed over what to do about Germany. Stalin wanted
(A/s) History Oct/Nov 2017 paper 2 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 19 / 21 pages total, pdf
Hitler’s aggression would cease once this unfair treaty had been destroyed; this is most clearly evidenced by Chamberlain’s attitude following the Munich Conference in 1938. Communism was still perceived as the biggest threat to the European democracies. Many British politicians believed that Hitler’s Germany was a vital buffer against the westward expansion of the Soviet Union. © UCLES 2017 Page 19 of 21 Marks 20
(IGCSE) History May/June 2014 paper 1 variant 3
Mark scheme found on page 20 / 77 pages total, pdf
Munich Agreement encouraged Hitler to demand more.’ ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact caused war.’ ‘German invasion of Poland caused war.’ Level 3 Explanation of the weakness of Britain and France OR other reasons [3–5] e.g. ‘Chamberlain and Daladier assumed that if they followed appeasement it would reduce the chances of war. In fact, it encouraged Hitler to demand more. It showed them as weak – giving into
(IGCSE) History Feb/March 2019 paper 1 variant 2
Mark scheme found on page 26 / 92 pages total, pdf
Poland. Hitler’s greatest worry in invading Poland was that Russia would attack. The Pact was a non-aggression Pact between the Soviet Union and Germany in which the two countries agreed not to attack each other. It also divided up Poland and other parts of eastern Europe between the two countries. This all meant that Germany could invade Poland knowing that Russia would not attack. This is why it was important to
(IGCSE) Geography Oct/Nov 2010 paper 1 variant 2
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Poland between 2000 and 2006. [3] (iv) What difficulties might be faced by migrants from Poland when living in countries such as the UK? [4] (b) Study Fig. 2, an article about migration from Poland to the UK. ‘Nearly 600,000’ new EU migrants Almost 600,000 people from Poland and the seven other countries which joined the EU in 2
(IGCSE) History May/June 2011 paper 1 variant 1
Question paper found on page 7 / 20 pages total, pdf
Munich Putsch, made by one of the Nazis who took part. Hitler is in the centre and Ludendorff is in the black hat to Hitler’s right. (a) What part did Hitler play in the Munich Putsch? [5] (b) Why was the Munich Putsch important for Hitler and the Nazi Party? [7] (c) To what extent was Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor in 1933 a result
(IGCSE) History May/June 2017 paper 1 variant 1
Question paper found on page 3 / 12 pages total, pdf
Conference? [4] (b) Why was it difficult to deal with Poland after the Second World War? [6] (c) ‘The most important consequence of the Berlin Blockade was the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in 1949.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] 8 The USA reacted to the spread of Communism. (a) What was